30^th March 2009

Presentation topic: CRYPTOGRAPHY

Presenters:   Joseph Uhemba

                       Izadin Abdalah

Lecturer:       Prof. Matti Tedre

 

INTRODUCTION:

Cryptography is the study of hiding information. This Cryptography comes from the combination of two Greek words, Kriptos which means hiding and Graphen which means writing. It is great tool of hiding of information.

 

IMPORTANCE OF THE CRYPTOGRAPHY:

This topic of Cryptography helps for security purposes through hiding information in different works/professionals. For example for IT professional it helps as a security tool for a Computer Information System. Also it support for military purpose, during the war or in their daily activities soldiers through using cryptography they can communicate themselves without other people decrypt their information.

 

TYPES OF CRYPTOGRAPHY:

Cryptography are classified into two groups, it can be Secret key system (Symmetric system) and Public key system (Asymmetric system). Secret key systems using a single key for both encryption and decryption of information. While Public key systems are using pair of key for encryption and for decryption of information, this is the modern type of cryptography and its digital signature capability.

 

USES OF CRYPTOGRAPHY:

Cryptography can be used for Integrity, Non-repudiation, Confidentially and Authentication. Cryptography can be used by Government, Banks, Spies, Personal etc

Integrity is assuring receiver that the received message is not altered in the way from the origin. Privacy/Confidential is assuring that no one can decrypt sending message except concerned receiver. Non-repudiation is the mechanism to prove if sender sent the message.

 

LECTURER CLARIFICATION:

Lecturer clarify presentation about Public key cryptography and Private key cryptography; this clarification gives me to be more  understand about this through his example of box, If someone sending message through box but same kind of key for locking and unlocking are given to both sender and receiver. This called Public key cryptography.

 

Private key cryptography is when locking key is different from opening key. In this system sender of the message have only locking key and receiver of the message have only opening key which are differ from sender. It is complex system because no reply of message from receiver due to lack of locking key, so receiver should use Public key.

Presentation topic: AUTOMATIC ESSAY ASSESSMENT

Presenters: Zavery Nyambalafu

                     Rose Mchaka

INTRODUCTION:

Automatic essay assessment is the using of an electronic machine to make essay evaluation. Basically this evaluation of essay can be done through electronic learning. According to the research done in 1966, researchers conducted the project called PEG which helps in essay evaluation for the total number of words and also the length of the essay.

Aims of Automatic essay assessment like to avoid plagiarism, to analyse learning outcome, to improve marking consistency, also it determine the grade and gives feedback to students.
 

IMPORTANCE:

Automatic essay assessment have advantages to the teachers and to the students. Teachers have the following advantages of using Automatic essay evaluation because It saves time on marking process, making evaluation and also it helps on making final grader and teacher to be consistency.

Advantages to the students are it gives challenge to think critically in order to avoid plagiarism, It provide real feedback to the students, It support students to reflect learning process.

 

PROBLEMS CAUSED AND FACED:

Automatic essay assessment used programs, so its cost is high for making that program. Also it may reduce thinking capacity of the teacher because they assessed through the programs. It need high qualified people for using that program.

Because Automatic essay assessment can asses those essay which in the form of soft copy only while most of essay are done in hard copy, due to that Automatic essay assessment can not asses in the form of hard copy.

 

CHALLENGES:

In order to asses essay which are in different forms (soft copy and hard copy), it gives challenges to create machine which can perform both forms of essay. Also Automatic essay assessment should asses each and everything in the essay rather than looking for key words only. Lastly to give feedback of the whole essay with its corrections.

Presentation topic: SPEAKER RECOGNITION

Presenters: Rueben Minael

                     Benjamini Mkwese

 

INTRODUCTION:

Speaker recognition is the process of recognizing automatically who is speaking basis on his/her voice. There are two classes of speaker recognition which are Speaker Verification and Speaker Identification.

Speaker verification is the process when speaker are able to verify or to confirm the voice from person, whereas Speaker identification is the process when speaker identify or prove that the voice is from right person.

 

How Speaker recognition works and where to use:

Speaker recognition convert analogy speech signals to digital, also it makes comparison of current speech (login speech) and the stored previous speech and also it gives machine training. There are three whereby speaker recognition technique can be used, those are; Authentication which allows the users to identify themselves using their voices. Also in Surveillance for security ie. As means of collecting information. And for Forensic for providing the identity of the a recorded voice.

 

Benefit of speaker recognition:

• For security purposes, like when using speaker recognition for login in computer it gives to be more secured.

• Help in control of access to restricted services.

• For military operations.

Presentation topic: DATA MINING

Presenters: Remmy Kaaro

                     Joshua Shendu

 

INTRODUCTION:

Data mining is the process of extracting hidden patterns from large large amount of data. In long time ago human have been manually extracting information from data, but the increase volume of data in modern business and science discover a new method called computer based approaches (automatic approaches). There are several forms of data mining, those are; Relational database and social network data mining, Text mining, Audio mining, Video data mining, Image data mining and Web data mining

 

STAGES OF DATA MINING:

There are three stages of data mining, those stages are;

Exploration:

- This stage usually starts with data preparation which involve cleaning data and data transformation.
 

Model building and validation:

- This stages involves considering various models and choosing the best one based on their predictive performance.
 

Deployment:

- This is the final stage which involves using the model selected as best in the previous stage and applying it to new data in order to generate predictions or estimates of the expected outcomes.

 

ADVANTAGES OF DATA MINING:

Banking:

- Financially analysts especially Banking sector is the one of the sector which are growing in Tanzania. For the past 15 years we had few bank in our country but now days we have many number of banks. As this sector growing also introduce, provides a lot of services which required by their customers like ATM machine, loan services, different types of accounts etc.

Data mining helps banks on how many their customers required loan, ATM card so that they can improve their services.
 

Marketing:

- Data mining is more applicable in this field because it help on making communication to run smoothly with their customers. For example Tanzania Brewers Limited (TBL), they using data mining to determine which kind of brand preferred or required more by their customers.
 

Researchers:

- Also researchers required data mining because without any information they can not perform their research. As we know research is the process of finding certain information but if any data or information required for that research, no research it will be done rather than guessing.

 

DISADVANTAGES OF DATA MINING:

Security issues:

- If data mining are misused it cause security problems, for example when certain information concerned with security purpose if exposed to those who against may cause problems. Eg: in war if your data are exposed to another army which fighting for it may cause to be attacked.
 

Privacy issues:

- This means if there is confidential of the certain information/issue but someone expose those privacy issue to the unconcerned people.
 

Misuse of information:

- When someone expose certain confidential/information to the unconcerned person for his benefit or other thing, that is called misuse of information.

Presentation topic: IMAGE COMPRESSION

Presenters: Zuena Mgova

                     Justine L. Ngimba

 

INTRODUCTION:

- Data compression is the technique that is used to reduce larger data files into smaller file size. Image compression is minimizing the size in byte of a graphics file without degrading the quality of the image to an unacceptable level. Image compression helps on making transfer of image through network faster, saves space in storage devices and also it saves time for image downloaded.

 

TYPES OF IMAGE COMPRESSION:

Lossless:

- Is the type of image compression whereby reconstructed image, after compression, is numerically identical to the origin image.
 

Lossy:

- An image reconstructed but lossy compression contains degradation relative to the origin, this is because the compression scheme completely discards redundant information.

 

IMAGE FORMATS:

TIFF (Tagged Image File Format):

- This format can store an image and data (tag) in the one file.
 

GIF (Graphical Interchange Format)

- Is the best type of format whereby used for text, cartoons, line drawings and animations. Mainly used for fast loading web pages and also have limited to a total number of this format is 256 colors or less.
 

PNG (Portable Network Graphics)

- It is not compatible will all web browsers or image software evenif is the one of the among best images.
 

JPG, JPEG (Joint Photographic Expert Group)

- It is used mostly for color photographs or any pictures with many blends or gradients. Mostly used in digital cameras.

 

ADVANTAGES OF IMAGE COMPRESSION:

• It reduce the data storage requirements because compress of image to a fraction of its origin.

• It reduce the time for image downloaded due to compression of image.

• E-mail attachment with photos can be send more faster, this lead saving bandwidth charges.

• For web pages helps on loading faster this will make website better performance.

 

DISADVANTAGES OF IMAGE COMPRESSION:

• It reduce reliability of image records.

• Reduction of information or bits due to image compression.

• Time consuming on dealing with image compression.

• It disruption of data properties due to compression.

Presentation topic: EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY

Presenters: Bahati Sanga

                     Austin Godfrey

 

INTRODUCTION:

The term technology is composed two words which are “technique” and “logy”. The word prefix technique means “it’s a skilful way of doing something” and suffix log means “knowledge and knowing”. For that technology means knowledge of skilful ways of doing things. Education technology is a complex, integrated process involving people, procedure, idea, devices and organization for analyzing problems and devising, implementing, involved in all aspects of human learning.

Also Education technology can be defined as the process of using multimedia technologies or audiovisual aids as a tool to enhance the teaching and learning process. Multimedia is computer program which interactive based on communication process that incorporate text, graphics, sounds, animation and video.

 

ADVANTAGES OF EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY:

- Through e-learning, it promotes relevant learning experiences irrespective of geographic restrictions and improves student and their teacher to access information. A good example of this e-learning is like Moodle.

 

- It provides both the resources and the pedagogical framework for enabling learners to become effective independent learners. Example when end-user interact with computer programs then gives appropriate tasks and getting feedback on performance, this help end-user to move on.

 

- It helps to implement personalized learning, through using education technology you can surf materials which you want through online learning or in internet.

 

- It promotes greater understanding of other cultures through video conferencing.

 

DISADVANTAGES OF EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY:

- Through using computer, calculators and internet this may led in reducing of the learners or society thinking capacity; By using calculators people can escape using their brain, also if learners get problems they can use internet to solve their problem without thinking critically at their own.

 

- Rapid grows of science and technology equipment this led some equipment to be outdated within a short period of time. Eg; Introducing of different versions of operating system from Microsoft and Linux.

 

- Highly cost of hardware, software, installation, administration, repair and maintenance of the technology materials. This led those countries and its people fail to afford technological learning.

 

EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY IN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES:

Education technology in Developed countries and Developing countries are different due to economic factors. In Developed countries there are highly level of technology used, also highly knowledge of using those instruments.

In Developing countries there are lacks of equipment like computer, low level of technology, lack of experts.

Presentation topic: USABILITY ENGINEERING AND HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION

Presenters: Innocent Kihaka

                    Said H. Saidi

 

INTRODUCTION:

Usability engineering (UE) is the technique of developing a system which is interactive, usable or meets the requirements of users. Usability engineering is a field that is concerned generally with human computer interaction and specifically with making human-computer interfaces that have high usability or user friendliness.

Human–computer interaction (HCI) is dealing with the study of interaction between people (users) and computers. Interaction between users and computers occurs at the user interface, which includes both software and hardware.

 

APPROACHES OF DESIGNING PRODUCTS:

Approaches of designing products can be Product centered design or User centered design.

Product-centered design is the production process which does not take an account of the user's requirements. Their target to see the product designed is working and delivered to the customers , also there is no interactive until delivery of product. This Product centered design cause product to not useful or usable.

User-centered design is a design philosophy and a process in which the needs, wants, and limitations of the end user of an interface or document are given extensive attention at each stage of the design process. User-centered design can be characterized as a multi-stage problem solving process that not only requires designers to analyze and foresee how users are likely to use an interface, but also to test the validity of their assumptions with regards to user behaviour in real world tests with actual users.

 

PROF. MATTI CLARIFICATION:

Prof. Matti (Lecturer) clarify about differences between Usefulness and Usability which before his clarification I was confused those terms. He said that some of things which can be usable but not useful like some of cosmetics. Also about those which can be useful but not usable like guns is useful in the war but not usable in the peace place.

 

Presentation topic: FINGERPRINT

Presenters: Ayoub Mugube

                      John M. Malasa
 

INTRODUCTION:

Fingerprint is the physical identification which considers physical appearance such as voice and other sensor data. The fingerprint is one of the most convenient and foolproof. Biometrics is the way for unique recognizing human based upon one or more intrinsic physical or behaviour traits.

Dr. Henry Faulds is the founder of fingerprint as means of identification in 1880. In 1960's Galton has been utilized to develop automated fingerprint technology. In the 1969 FBI developed a system to automate its fingerprint identification process. The available fingerprint continued to improve until present.

 

IMPORTANCE:

As fingerprint is the physical identification, It gives unique of the fingerprint because no two individual will have identical fingerprint. Also fingerprint pattern of everyone become unchanged for all life. Limited variety in patterns allows systematic classification of an individuals fingerprints.

 

CLASSIFICATION OF FINGERPRINTS:

Fingerprint can be classified into three main classification which are Loops, Whorls and Arches. Loops are those fingerprints which starts on one side and goes around to end on the same side, it have one delta.

Whorls is the fingerprint whereby it starts in the middle and keeps getting bigger, it rounded or circular ridge pattern, it look like a butch of circle in each other, it have two deltas.

Arches this is like a hill, is a shape that starts on one side and ends on the other side, no delta in this classification.

 

ADVANTAGES OF FINGERPRINT:

• Due to unique fingerprints from one person to another this led less chance of fraud.

• Fingerprint it can applicable when applied to the modern computers, cars, automatic doors.

• Also its reliability and stability is higher compared to the iris, voice and face recognition method.

• Cost of fingerprint recognition equipment is low compared with biometric system.

• Because fingerprint is naturally do not change and can't be lost.

 

DISADVANTAGES OF FINGERPRINT:

• Due to criminals faced, people can burn their fingers with acids.

• Some people have damaged or eliminated fingerprints.

• Time consuming, also don't trust new technology.

 

CHALLENGES:

• Because fingerprint are stored in the database this can lead to be attacked by hackers.

• Security is low due to process of storing fingerprints.

• Some sensor do not read properly fingerprint images because of technical problems.

• Sometimes criminals do cut their fingers.

 

Presentation topic: PARALLEL COMPUTING

Presenters: Mariam Mwakisisile

                     Abdallah R. Sasya

 

INTRODUCTION:

- Traditionally, software has been written in serial computation whereby, to be run on a single computer having a single Central Processing Unit. CPU is an integrated electronic which interprets instruction given to the computer, which performs the logical and arithmetic processing operations and causes the input and output operations to occur.

 

IDEA OF PARALLEL COMPUTING:

- On 1947 mathematician John Von Neumann (Hungarian American), he asked himself that if single computer solve a problem in ten seconds, can ten computers solve it in one second?. He recognized the need of parallelism in computers so as to solve problems that took longrun.

 

PERSONAL COMPUTER:

- Is a form of computation in which many tasks are carried out simultaneously. Therefore software are programmed in parallel computation in order to be run using multiple Central Processing Unit. Forms of PC are Bit level parallelism, Instruction level parallelism, Data parallelism and Task parallelism.

 

Data Parallelism:

- Is parallelism inherent in program loops which focuses on distributing the data across different computing nodes to be processed in parallel.
 

Task Parallelism:

- Is entirely different calculations can be performed on either the same or different sets of data.
 

Bit-level Parallelism:

- Is the amount of information that the processor can execute per cycle. Increasing the word size reduces the number of instructions the processor should execute in order to perform operations on variables whose sizes are greater than the length of the word.
 

Instruction Level Parallelism:

- Is when how many of the operations in a computer program can be performed simultaneously eg: a+b=e, c+d=f, e*f=g or a=b=e, c+d=f, g*i=h

 

IMPORTANCE OF PERSONAL COMPUTER:

• It saves time.

• Solve large problems which are complex.

• It provides data sharing.

 

Presentation topic: PROGRAM/SOFTWARE VISUALIZATION

Presenters: Rachel Myinga

                     Venance Luhemeja

 

INTRODUCTION:

- Program is the product of hours of work on the part of a programmer to provide the tool to perform a particular task. Software is a collection of set of programs to accomplish a certain goal.

Visualization is the process of making visible/observable to the mind or imagination. The program/software visualization dealing in making visible which produced by animated views of program executions. Visualization classified into two groups, which are visualization of a single component and visualization of whole (sub) system.

 

AIMS OF VISUALIZATION:

To reach target/goal and also improving performance of systematic creation of visual representation, this support visible more comprehensible. Also to convert data into a graphics of graphic representation that can be recognized. Also to help programmers to understand program behavior, so that they can put better code.

 

PROBLEMS OF VISUALIZATION:

Limited screen space, this mostly comes when you need to display codes which you entered and its results but you fail due to limited screen space eg: In jeliot when you enter long code and compiling at same time.

An unfavourable condition or circumstances, most of software need certain program to support on running eg: In java programming needs java environment program in order to run.

To identify the aspect of program behavior to be visualized. Also about getting of necessary codes for visualization, Programmers should be more creative in order to solve those code problems.

Presentation topic: SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

Presenters: Nelson Shoo

                     Christina Obed

 

INTRODUCTION:

Software engineering is concerned with developing and maintaining software systems that behave reliably and efficiently, are affordable to develop and maintain, and satisfy all the requirements that customers have defined for them.

The aim of software engineering was to overcome software crisis, and to create software of high quality, cheaper, maintainable and deliver them at time.

 

TYPES OF SOFTWARE:

Retail software:

- Those are type of computer software where by software are sold to end consumers usually under restricted licenses.

OEM software (Original Equipment Manufacturer):

- Software sold only with a specific accompanying piece of hardware. Selling or copying this software without the accompanying hardware is a violation of the license agreement.
 

Shareware:

- Is the software which is downloaded from the internet but after a several period of time the customer have to purchase. The aim of shareware is to give buyers the opportunity to use the program and judge its usefulness before purchasing a license for the full version of the software.

Freeware:

- Is the software which is downloaded from the internet for free but for person use, while commercial uses it requires a paid license. The author usually restricts one or more rights to copy, distribute, and make derivative works of the software

 

TOOLS USED IN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING:

Software engineering tools are tools or things that are intended to provide automated support for software process system.

 

METHODOLOGIES OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING:

Objects oriented programming (OOP):

- Is the computer program style that uses data structure consisting of data field and methods and their interactions to design application and computer programs.

 

COMPUTER AIDED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING TOOLS:

These are tools used to provide automated support for development of software, i.e., computer code. The CASE functions include analysis, design, and programming. There are two types of CASE tool which are Upper CASE tools example data flow diagram, Structure charts, algorithms and another type is Lower CASE tools example debugging, maintenance and testing tools. i.e. programming languages etc.

 

Rapid application development (RAD):

- refers to a type of software development life cycle which uses minimal planning in favor of rapid prototyping. Rapid application development is a software development process, which involves iterative development and the construction of prototypes.
 

Scrum (all at once approach to software engineering):

- Is the type of methodology where different people with experience work together so as to manage complex work, such as new product development.

Team software process

- A defined operational process framework that is designed to help teams of managers and engineers to organize and produce large-scale software projects of sizes beyond several thousands lines of code.

 
 

Presentation topic: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Presenters: Dastan Josephat

                     Coelestin Josephat

 

INTRODUCTION:

Artificial means that “not real but it’s man made to be like something which is natural or real”. Intelligence means that “it is an ability to learn, understand and think about things. Artificial Intelligence means is the branch of computer science which imitates the intelligence of human behaviours. This means how some mechanical devices actually are demonstrated to behave with some degree of intelligence like human being. Artificial Intelligence is the capability of a device to perform functions that are normally associated with human intelligence eg: reasoning, thinking, interpreting etc. Examples of Artificial Intelligence like Machine translator, black box in an airplane, Robots, Automatic essay assessment, Electronic sensor for weapons, drugs etc.

 

WHERE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIENCE CAN BE APPLIED:

Library:

- Artificial Intelligence can be used as electronic sensor in the library, A good example at Tumaini University College-Iringa College an electronic sensor used for detecting unauthorized person who take books out of the library. Also this can be applied in Supermarket for regulating those people who taking goods without paying.
 

Science experimentations:

- Artificial Intelligence can be used in dangerous and sensitive experiments, like those artificial which are used to go in other planet rather than the earth for experiment if people can survive or not through recording information like amount temperature, oxygen etc.
 

Military purpose:

- Also Artificial Intelligence military force through using jet fighters which are not include soldiers in the war rather than using aeroplanes with soldiers.

Artificial Intelligence can be applied in different areas like In sport and games, Security affairs, Domestic activities, Hospitals, Institutions or Organizations, Supermarkets, Location detection, and in different places.

 

ADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIENCE:

• Simplify work.

• It reduce misleneous ambiguity eg: fingerprint

• It is efficiency and accuracy.

• It enhance good communication (natural language understanding and translation) .

 

DISADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIENCE:

• Initial cost is high or expensive.

• It create digital divide.

• Can not reason what to do.

• It led unemployment.

• It require high skilled expert.

 

Presentation topic: IRIS RECOGNITION

Presenters: Jumanne S. Ally

                     Robert Mwakajwanga

 

INTRODUCTION:

Iris recognition falls under biometrics authentication. Biometric is a technology for automatic human identification and verification using unique biological traits. Iris is the muscles within the eye that regulate the size of the pupil and controlling the amount of light that enters the eye.

Iris recognition is the process of analyzing the randomly pattern of the iris. Iris recognition is a method of biometric authentication that uses pattern-recognition techniques based on high-resolution images of the irides of an individual's eyes.

 

HOW IRIS FORMED:

• The iris develops during prenatal (Before birth) growth through the process of tight forming and folding of the tissue membrane.

• Degradation occurs, resulting the pupil opening and randomly, unique pattern of iris.

• Although genetically are identical, an individual irises are unique and structurally distinct which allow for it’s to be used for recognition.

 

ADVANTAGES OF IRIS RECOGNITION:

• Ease usage – after the machine been made the next stage the user to open his/her eyes which is it seems to be easy.

• Certain conclusion ends minimum error rate because machine it made in such away that there is little errors.

• Since the iris is unique, this ensures maximum security.

• Identification of persons who have limited use of hands or arms.

 

DISADVANTAGES OF IRIS RECOGNITION:

• Scanner height adjustment because people have different height, so scanner it should be adjusted.

• Small target because machine need to recognize only eye.

• Huge system size this led difficult to handle system.

• High cost of the machine.

Presentation topic: REAL TIME GRAPHICS

Presenters: Nicholaus Nyambili

                    Timothy Y. Wikedzi

 

INTRODUCTION:

Raster/Bitmap Image:

- is an image that is displayed through the arrangement of pixels on the screen. In computer graphics, a bitmap or pixmap is a type of memory organization or image file format used to store digital images.

 

Vector Images:

- is an image that is created by using mathematical algorithms and geometric functions to represent its size and shapes

 

Model:

- is an 2D image or 3D object created to resemble the actual thing. Modeling is the process of creating models

 

Texturing:

- refers to the process of building a surface’s detail and indicating how that surface will react to light.

 

Animation:

- Is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions in order to create an illusion of movement.

 

Computer graphics and models:

Computer graphic:

- is a computer based mathematical representation of a geometric object such as a building, a vehicle, a tree or any object including humans.

A model also can be a representation of a process such as a weather pattern, traffic flow, air flowing over a wing or any other.